Foundations
Foundations
Overview
Simple Terms
Doctors use brain scans called MRIs to look for problems like tumors, but reading these scans by hand takes a lot of time. A specialist has to carefully trace the outline of each part of the brain, one section at a time, and different doctors can draw those lines slightly differently.
We're building a computer program that can look at a brain scan and learn what makes each part of the brain look different from the others — almost like each part has its own unique fingerprint. Our goal is for the program to eventually map out a brain scan automatically, just as accurately as a doctor, but much faster.
This project is run by a team of local high school students in partnership with Penn State Harrisburg, giving us real hands-on experience with a problem that could genuinely help doctors and patients.
Technical Breakdown
Manual segmentation of MRI brain scans is time-consuming, costly, and prone to inter-practitioner variability. Clinicians who need precise anatomical boundaries currently rely on specialists to manually delineate structures slice by slice.
Our team is developing a Python-based program that derives a statistical fingerprint for each brain structure from MRI pixel data. The pipeline samples pixel-level data from specified structures, computes statistical descriptors (mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis), and compares confidence intervals across structures to distinguish them from one another and from tumor tissue. The underlying hypothesis: each brain structure exhibits a unique, reproducible statistical profile based on Hounsfield unit intensity distributions.
This research is conducted by a student research team in partnership with Penn State Harrisburg, working toward an AI classification layer capable of automated brain structure segmentation.
Segmentation is the process by which a physician highlights a brain tumor or anatomical structure. This guides cancer treatment, and it paves the way for visualizing the human body through 3D models. Imagine stacking segmented slices like the ones on the left. The highlighted areas will form a three-dimensional replica of a brain tumor, which is highlighted in green.
A key issue is the time, variation, and human error associated with manual segmentation. Moreover, models using artificial intelligence utilize edge detection and pre-defined rules, posing the risk of faulty detection.
Stochastic segmentation emerges as the next solution for cancer mapping.
The brain contains a myriad of structures, some of which are segmented above.
A key differentiator between brain structures is their pigmentation. From a stochastic point of view, structural pigmentation is a random and probabilistic process. Several factors come into play in determining how much or how little a structure's cells are pigmented, including metabolic activity, structural integrity, and quantities of neurotransmitters (the signaling molecules of the brain).
Since the pigments of anatomical structures are randomly distributed, statistics can be applied to quantify those distributions and differentiate between populations of cells. In medical imaging, this can be observed in grayscale values. Voxels are 3-Dimensional pixels. A grayscale value of zero represents pure black; a grayscale value of 1000 represents pure white. This provides the quantitative basis for our stochastic approach.